Who Invited Makeup Who Invented Makeup

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least 7,000 years and is present in nearly every society on globe. Cosmetic body fine art is argued to take been the earliest form of a ritual in homo civilisation. The evidence for this comes in the course of utilised ruddy mineral pigments (ruby-red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[i] [2] [3] [4] [5] [vi]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:xxx where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well.

Cosmetics were also used in ancient Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that information technology was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented brand up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[7]

Beyond the world [edit]

N Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Arab republic of egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to heighten their appearance. The use of cosmetics in Ancient Egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in n Africa. The employ of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in nighttime colours such as bluish, cherry, and black was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian art, as well as being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians also extracted cherry-red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} merely this dye resulted in serious disease. Lipsticks with shimmering furnishings were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales, which are still used extensively today.^[viii] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was also idea to have antibacterial backdrop that helped prevent infections.^[ix] Remedies to care for wrinkles contained ingredients such as gum of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of cherry ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative treatment was a poultice of carob grounds and dearest, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is all the same in use today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been found to contain a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled as remedies for problems such as baldness and greying hair. They besides used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Middle Due east [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Sometime Testament, such every bit in two Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Prc [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in China. Legend has it that in one case on the 7th day of the 1st lunar calendar month, while Princess Shouyang, daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Vocal, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum copse after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted downwardly onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her brow that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [eleven] [12]} The court ladies were said to be so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a modest delicate plum blossom design.^{[10] [11] [13]} This is as well the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum bloom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amid ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted crimson spots on the center of their cheeks, right under their eyes. However, it is a mystery why. They said that cherry-red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Nippon [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Nippon, in total make-upward. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is however new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the optics as well as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' pilus wax, were used by geisha equally a makeup base. Rice pulverization colors the face and back; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the nose.^{[15] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, called Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would also sometimes utilize bird droppings to compile a lighter colour.

Southwest asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black pulverization that is used widely across the Persian Empire. It is used equally a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids similar to eyeliner.^[16] Afterward Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the existent look in order to mislead or cause uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic constabulary, despite these requirements, in that location is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that harm one's body.

An early teacher in the 10th century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-volume medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A affiliate of the 19th book was dedicated to cosmetics. Equally the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-day lipsticks and solid deodorants. He also used oily substances called Adhan for medication and adornment.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to use cosmetics include the ancient Greeks ^{[5] [six]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the use of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who thought it to exist against the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elderberry mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a book on the topic.

Stake faces were a trend during the European Eye Ages. In the 16th century, women would bleed themselves to accomplish pale skin. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale skin.^{[ commendation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper class.^[17] Use of cosmetics continued in Eye Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the later 16th century in the West, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a need for the product among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics connected to exist used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the use of cosmetics being openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the time, such as Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century style ethics of women appearing fragile, feminine and pale were achieved by some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their optics to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly past many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was more often than not frowned upon, specially during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the use of cosmetic products.

Americas and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or boxing.^{[ citation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this commodity bargain primarily with the United States and do not stand for a worldwide view of the bailiwick. Yous may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk folio, or create a new article, as appropriate. (Nov 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template bulletin)

19th century [edit]

During the tardily 1800s, the Western cosmetics manufacture began to grow due to a ascension in "visual self-sensation," a shift in the perception of colour cosmetics, and improvements in the condom of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting applied science and access to reflective devices stifled people'south power to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the need for a cosmetic market place and resulted in individuals creating and applying their ain products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter one-half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the abode and in public, increased consciousness of one's appearance and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved ane's image.^[twenty]

Face powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from habitation were found to accept toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their use. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow's 1866 utilize of zinc oxide as a face pulverisation, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, along with "face painting" products similar powders, also became in-demand products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of common cold cream brands such as Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a high demand for the product. These advertising and cosmetic marketing styles were presently replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[xx]

20th century [edit]

Audition applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively popular. In fact, women inappreciably wore makeup at all. Brand-upwards at this time was nonetheless mostly the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying bodily pigment to the face) became popular amid the rich at this time in an attempt to look paler. This practice was dangerous due to the main ingredient often being arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that one was not out working in the sun and could afford to stay inside all day. Cosmetics were and then unpopular that they could not be bought in department stores; they could simply be bought at theatrical costume stores. A woman's "makeup routine" often only consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered newspaper/oil blotting sheet, to whiten the nose in the winter and polish their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, and so was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand because it was used on chapped lips, as a base for hair tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, but only lavander water or refined cologne was admissible for women to article of clothing.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, by an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Roll-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became stylish in the United states of america of America and Europe owing to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such equally Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the virtually typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty book showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wearable. With that said, men frequently saw rouge as a mark of sex activity and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to brand it a misdemeanor for women under the age of 40-4 to wearable cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was 1 of the outset to advise using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the eye and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Countenance darkener was also presented in this beauty volume, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett adult cosmetic tattooing during this time catamenia. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, red lips, and dark eyebrows. He besides was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First World War by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and past covering scars with colors more than pleasing to the center.^[27] Max Factor opened up a professional makeup studio for stage and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical eye shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home utilize.

In the 1920s, the picture show manufacture in Hollywood had the most influential bear on on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial effect on the makeup manufacture. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'southward makeup creative person; she created mascara for the actress, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-marketplace of cosmetics during this fourth dimension were Max Factor, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays day makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were i of the most popular cosmetics of this fourth dimension, more than so than rouge and powder, considering they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[thirty] The Flapper mode also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced dark optics, crimson lipstick, scarlet nail smoothen, and the suntan, invented equally a fashion statement by Coco Chanel. The countenance pencil became vastly popular in the 1920s, in part considering it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (besides the key constituent of another wonder product of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early on commercial mascaras, like Maybelline, were but pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny brush into hot water, rub the bristles on the block, remove the backlog by rolling the brush onto some blotting newspaper or a sponge, and and so apply the mascara as if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvass.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of Fifty'Oréal, invented mod constructed hair dye in 1907 and he besides invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The showtime patent for a blast polish was granted in 1919. Its colour was a very faint pink. It's not clear how dark this rose was, but any daughter whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a babe's chroma risked gossip about being "fast."^[31] Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel'due south adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to assist both men and women achieve the "sun-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the platonic of dazzler, equally it does to this twenty-four hour period.

In the fourth dimension menstruation later the First World War, at that place was a boom in corrective surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Confront-lifts were performed as early every bit 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when corrective surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, corrective surgery mainly revolved around women. Men simply participated in the practice if they had been disfigured by the state of war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public sensation nearly plastic surgery. Every bit a effect, in 1982, the U.s.a. Supreme Courtroom granted physicians the legal right to annunciate their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements frequently made the surgeries seem hazard-free, fifty-fifty though they were annihilation but. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reported that more than 2 million Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction being the near popular. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers iii, 4, and five went to eye surgery, face-lifts, and chemic peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an try to lighten their complexion too as hair straightening to announced whiter. Peel bleaches and pilus straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to l pct of all advertisements in the black printing of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such equally hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in high dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an individual'southward risk. In the 1970s, at least five companies started producing make-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Blackness women were limited. Confront makeup and lipstick did not work for dark pare types considering they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for stake peel tones only made night peel appear grey. Eventually, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer pare tones, such as foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Fashion Fair priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second World State of war, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, bones ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into state of war supply. Ironically, at this fourth dimension when they were restricted, lipstick, pulverization, and face cream were nigh desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the post war menstruation. Cosmetic developers realized that the war would event in a phenomenal boom subsequently, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing visitor became associated with "quality" afterwards the war because they were the oldest established. Pond'southward had this same entreatment in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were one of the starting time to give its products fantasy names, such as the lipsticks in "lantern cerise" and "body of water coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western earth influenced by feminism decided to go without any cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female person torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural look" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the bare face was in manner as women became more interested in the chemic value of their makeup.^[41] Mod developments in technology, such every bit the Loftier-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime cosmetic of the time was heart shadow, though; women also were interested in new lipstick colors such as lilac, light-green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were ofttimes mixed with pale pinks and whites, so women could create their own individual shades. "Blush-ons" came into the market in this decade, with Revlon giving them broad publicity.^[43] This production was applied to the forehead, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the confront with white middle shadow cream besides became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in full general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are at present widely available from dedicated cyberspace-only retailers,^[46] who accept more recently been joined online past established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Similar most industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation past authorities agencies. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Assistants (FDA) does not corroborate or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that tin can be used in hair dyes. Corrective companies are non required to written report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although modern makeup has been used mainly by women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics normally associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is usually used by corrective-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing corrective products specially tailored for men, and men are using such products more than commonly.^[48] At that place is some controversy over this, still, as many feel that men who clothing makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and practise not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive light. Others, however, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men too have the correct to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Nippon: Japan is the second largest market in the world. Regarding the growth of this market, cosmetics in Japan have entered a period of stability. However, the market place situation is quickly changing. At present consumers can access a lot of information on the Internet and choose many alternatives, opening upward many opportunities for newcomers entering the market place, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics market for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by brand manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.ane%, the market was almost unchanged from the previous year.^[49]
• Russia: One of the most interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching US$13.5 billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to sally, such as more complicated dwelling house skin-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[50] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, like foundation and lipstick, decreased by upward to lxx% because of quarantining and confront-covering mandates.^[51]

Meet too [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female person corrective coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric fine art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cave

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Periodical of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–eight): 73–94.
2. ^ Power, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, G. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Blood-red ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Tiptop Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa". Journal of Human being Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Hellenic republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing. ISBN978-1-43981-213-half-dozen.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Toxicant". Classical Globe. 102 (iii): 291–310. doi:ten.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Projection MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (18 January 2010). "Ancient Egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese verse: A guided album. New York: Columbia University Printing. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Blossom deities marking the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Information Office, Democracy of China. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved xx November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". Westward & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: 9. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". China Today . Retrieved 8 Oct 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-half-dozen. For instance, the Huadian or brow decoration was said to have originated in the S Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early spring and a low-cal breeze brought a plum blossom onto her brow. The plum flower for some reason could not be done off or removed in any way. Fortunately, information technology looked beautiful on her, and of a sudden became all the rage amid the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum bloom makeup." This makeup was popular amid the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Make-Up of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in beauty and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. xix (4): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Fall (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. University of Oregon School of Journalism and Advice. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Cosmetic. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-2.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Look?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, U.k.: Oxford University Printing. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-vi.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-2. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Research. 67 (ane): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:10.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob S. (1 June 2011). "Pare bleach and civilization: the racial formation of black in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (4): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modernistic Living: Black Cosmetics". TIME. 29 June 1970. Retrieved nine February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. half-dozen (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement. p. four.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Intendance Products". Charles Ross & Son Visitor . Retrieved vii June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire beauty products sector (Part ane)". Beauty Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on ten Oct 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Part on Women's Wellness. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Center for Nutrient Safety and Applied Nutrition. three March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Dazzler News.
50. ^ "The beauty trends customers are ownership during Covid-19". Vogue Business concern. ten August 2020. Retrieved 2 Apr 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping dazzler halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick index'". The Guardian. 18 December 2020. Retrieved ii April 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, United kingdom: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Make-Up: Looking Your All-time in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face project: Women try no-makeup experiment". USA Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

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